To study the effect of 'Covishield' vaccination on pre-donation platelet counts of plateletpheresis donors

ABSTRACT Introduction: Approximately 55.52% of the Indian population had been fully vaccinated by Jan. 2022, since its first roll out on January 16, 2021. A few concerns were raised concerning the Covishield vaccination related to thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Apheresis-derived platelet concentrates are frequently required in a plethora of clinical situations and post-vaccination decrement of platelet counts might lead to increased deferral of the plateletpheresis donors. Objectives. The aim of the study was to discover the effect of the Covishield vaccination on deferral rates of plateletpheresis donors. Methods: Blood samples were collected from the potential platelet donors for the completion of the standard questionnaire for the complete blood count. The data collected were tabulated in the MS Excel spreadsheet and the biostatistical analysis was performed with the SPSS v23. A p-value of < 0.05 was taken as significant. We compared this data with age-and sex-matched controls. Results: The mean age of cases and controls was 29.69 ± 8.57 and 30.15 ± 7.11, respectively. There was a significant difference in platelet counts of cases (188496.35 ± 72065.66/cumm) and controls (269524.50 ± 53981.60/cumm). Furthermore, donors who received one dose had higher platelet counts of 248676.47 ± 80075.24/cumm than those who received both doses of vaccine (179970.83 ± 66773.73/cumm). The difference in deferral rates between the two groups was remarkable (34.7% vs. 0.9%, with the p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: Vaccination certainly increased the deferral rates of plateletpheresis donors due to low platelet counts. Average platelet counts were low in fully vaccinated individuals, however, the platelets returned to normal counts as the post-vaccination days progressed.

FIELD TRIAL OF CYANOBACTERIA BASED BIOFERTILIZER FOR CULTIVATION OF TRITICUM AESTIVUM PLANT

The continuous growth of the global human population and the depletion of natural energy resources are posing a threat to the environment and the sustainable supply of food and energy. To address this issue, a solution known as "green technology" has been developed, focusing on the use of eco-friendly approaches. One of these approaches involves harnessing the power of cyanobacteria, which are ancient microorganisms that have existed on Earth for a long time. This approach was used to probe the diversity of phototrophic microorganisms in Wheat samples. The presence of nif genes allows cyanobacteria to x nitrogen which plays a vital role in nitrogen cycle and biological processes such as plant growth and soil fertility. Wheat production test in current study evaluates the yield and quality of wheat crops. It shows factors such as improvement in growth, heat resistance and environmental adaptability, improvement in production; provide insights for optimizing cultivation practices and ensuring successful high yield. Identication of Cyanobacteria for their combination of nif and molecular identity is prior for production of bio fertilizers. Cyanobacteria can be cultivated on a large scale to produce biomass that has multiple uses, including biofertilizer, secondary metabolites, cosmetics, and medicines. In the eld of agriculture, production of healthy crop cyanobacterial biofertilizer are being increasingly used in eco-friendly and sustainable practices. These biofertilizer are produced through mass cultivation of cyanobacteria and offer several benets.

ISOLATION AND SEQUENCING OF RESISTANCE GENE ANALOGS FROM THE NBS-LRR REGION OF COFFEA ARABICA GENOME

Coffee is one of the most economically important crops in India and also across the world. Apart from the abiotic stress, a USD 495.5 billion coffee industry suffers from the outbreak of various diseases caused by pathogenic fungus, bacteria and viruses. The presence of Resistance Gene Analogs (RGAs) in coffee plant is the most prominent marker of resistance against the pathogens. The current study aims to isolate resistance gene analogs from the nucleotide binding site – Leucine rich repeats (NBS-LRR) region of the Coffea arabica chromosome.

Spectrofluorimetric-based Approach to Screen Urine Contamination in Drinking Water: A Step Toward the Development of Screening Method for Leptospirosis

Hygiene hypothesis and sanitization are two important pivots of modern civilization. The drinking water should be free from urine and stool contamination. Coliform test is popular for understanding feces contamination. However, understanding urine contamination in drinking water is a difficult task. On the other hand, urine contamination can cause disease like leptospirosis. It occurs mainly in animals and infects humans through contaminated water, food, and soil and causes serious consequences. Rat urine is the most common source of such disease outbreaks. Further, sophisticated laboratories with high-end technologies may not be present at the site of disease outbreaks. In this context, we have proposed a spectrofluorimetric approach to screen urine contamination in water. The screening method can sense up to 156 nl/ml of rat urine

A comparative study of antibody response, virus neutralization efficiency & metabolites in SARS-CoV-2-infected adults & children

Background & objectives: COVID-19 has been a global pandemic since early 2020. It has diverse clinical manifestations, but consistent immunological and metabolic correlates of disease severity and protection are not clear. This study was undertaken to compare seropositivity rate, antibody levels against nucleocapsid and spike proteins, virus neutralization and metabolites between adult and child COVID-19 patients. Methods: Plasma samples from naïve control (n=14) and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR positive COVID-19 participants (n=132) were tested for reactivity with nucleocapsid and spike proteins by ELISA, neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in Vero cells and metabolites by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results: An ELISA platform was developed using nucleocapsid and spike proteins for COVID-19 serosurvey. The participants showed greater seropositivity for nucleocapsid (72%) than spike (55.3%), and males showed higher seropositivity than females for both the proteins. Antibody levels to both the proteins were higher in intensive care unit (ICU) than ward patients. Children showed lower seropositivity and antibody levels than adults. In contrast to ICU adults (81.3%), ICU children (33.3%) showed lower seropositivity for spike. Notably, the neutralization efficiency correlated with levels of anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. The levels of plasma metabolites were perturbed differentially in COVID-19 patients as compared with the naive controls. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results reflect the complexity of human immune response and metabolome to SARS-CoV-2 infection. While innate and cellular immune responses are likely to be a major determinant of disease severity and protection, antibodies to multiple viral proteins likely affect COVID-19 pathogenesis. In children, not adults, lower seropositivity rate for spike was associated with disease severity

Preoperative Factors Affecting the Outcome of Single Stage Hypospadias Repair- An Observational Study

Background:Hypospadias is one of the commonest congenital anomaly in boys which requires either a single stage repair or staged repair. The success of the procedure depend upon the type, anatomy, experience of the surgeon, method of repair and preoperative hormonal stimulation. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the various preoperative factors responsible for outcome of single stage repair in distal penile, mid penile and proximal penile hypospadias. Methods: There were 48 patients in this observational study which were divided into two groups. Group A comprised of 24 patients with glanular and coronal hypospadias while Group B comprised of 16 patients with distal penile, 5 mid penile and 3 proximal penile types with minimal chordae. All the 24 (50%) patients in group A underwent meatal advancement and glanuloplasty incorporated (MAGPI) repair while in group B 15 (31.25%) patients underwent Tabularized Incised Plate (TIP) repair and 9 (18.75%) patients underwent combined TIP and Mathieu抯 repair. Results: Overall operative success rate observed in the study was 41 (85.41%) patients. In 7 (14.58%) patients urethrocutaneous fistula as a major complication occurred which included 1 patient in Group A and 2 patients with Distal Penile Hypospadias (DPH), 2 patients with Mid Penile Hypospadias (MPH) and 2 patients with Proximal Penile Hypospadias (PPH) in Group B. In 2 (4.16%) patients, mild meatal stenosis was noted which settled with meatal dilatation. Urethrocutaneous fistula (UCF) disappeared in 2 (4.16%) patients on follow up with regular urethral dilatation. Conclusion: MAGPI is the ideal procedure for glanular/coronal hypospadias. For distal penile hypospadias, TIP alone or combined TIP and Mathieu抯 repair gives equally good results. Preoperative testosterone therapy reduces the incidence of complications in a single stage hypospadias repair.

Coarctation of the aorta in a young female treated with left subclavian artery to descending thoracic aorta bypass: a case report / Coarctação de aorta em jovem tratada com artéria subclávia esquerda para bypass de aorta torácica descendente: relato de caso

Abstract Coarctation of the aorta is a rare congenital abnormality, with an incidence of 6-8% of all congenital heart problems. It is usually diagnosed in childhood during routine clinical examination and adults mostly present with hypertension. Various investigations like transthoracic echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance angiography can help with diagnosis. Prognosis depends on age at presentation and the severity of coarctation. Treatment options available are open and endovascular repair. Extra-anatomical bypass is the preferred option in cases with unfavorable anatomy. Long term follow up is required post repair due to risk of restenosis and aneurysm formation. Here is a case in which a young female presented with hypertension, was diagnosed with coarctation of the aorta, and was treated a left subclavian artery to descending thoracic aorta bypass. Her postoperative course was uneventful and she had improvement in hypertension.

Resumo A coarctação da aorta é uma anomalia congênita rara, com incidência de 6-8% entre todos os problemas cardíacos congênitos. É geralmente diagnosticada na infância durante o exame clínico de rotina, e os adultos normalmente apresentam hipertensão. Diversas investigações, como ecocardiografia transtorácica, tomografia computadorizada e angiorressonância magnética, podem auxiliar no diagnóstico. O prognóstico depende da idade na apresentação e da gravidade da coarctação. As opções de tratamento disponíveis são o reparo aberto e o reparo endovascular. O bypass extra-anatômico é a opção preferida em caso de anatomia desfavorável. O acompanhamento de longo prazo é necessário após o reparo devido ao risco de reestenose e formação de aneurisma. Descrevemos o caso de uma jovem do sexo feminino que apresentou hipertensão, a qual foi diagnosticada como coarctação da aorta. Foi realizada derivação da artéria subclávia esquerda para a aorta torácica descendente. O pós-operatório transcorreu sem intercorrências, e a paciente apresentou melhora da hipertensão.

Comparison of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels After A Single Oral Dose of Vitamin D3 Formulations in Mild Vitamin D3 Deficiency

Objective:To compare the levels of serum 25 Hydroxyvitamin D levels after a single large oral dose (60,000 IU) of different vitamin D3 formulations. Materials and Methods: Ninety?one volunteers with mild vitamin D deficiency (18–29 ng/ml) were selected and randomly assigned to three parallel groups. Groups-I received liquid, Group-II received sachet, and Group-III received tablet formulation of cholecalciferol as a single dose of 60,000 IU orally after 8–10 h of overnight fasting. Serum 25(OH) D concentrations were measured at baseline, 24 h, 7 days, and 14 days after drug administration. Various hematology and biochemical parameters were also assessed for baseline safety evaluation. Results: Baseline serum 25(OH) D concentrations in Groups I (liquid), II (sachet), and III (tablet) was 24.75 ± 4.77 ng/mL, 23.25 ± 4.15 ng/mL, and 23.18 ± 5.52 ng/mL, respectively. After supplemented with three formulations, only tablet group after 24 h showed increase in serum 25-OH-D concentration of 8.07 units from its baseline. Whereas after 7th day, no significant difference in absorption was observed but after 14 th day, all three groups showed increase in serum 25-OH-D concentration, in which tablet group (50.10 ± 94.99 ng/ml) showed highest increase in absorption (26.92 units) from their baseline values. During intergroup comparison between three formulations at the time of investigation, only liquid group after 24 h showed increased serum concentration by P values (0.03, 0.02) as compared to sachet and tablet group. However, After 7th and 14th day, there was no statistically difference was observed between three groups. Conclusion: Single oral dose of 60,000 IU dose of vitamin D liquid formulation has higher absorption value as after 24 h and tablet formulation showed higher absorption after 7th days. In emergency paucity of vitamin D, these observations findings can have critical conclusions to state the suitable dietary formulation of vitamin D.

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus in Liver Disease Patients and Blood Donors from Northern India

Background: The molecular epidemiology of HCV and its association with liver diseases in North India is not well understood. Aim: To assess the incidence of HCV infection in blood donors and liver disease patients and the influence of HCV genotype on the severity of the liver disease. Methods: We screened 487 patients with acute viral hepatitis (AVH), 141 patients of fulminant hepatic failure(FHF), 1058 patients of chronic liver disease (CLD) (chronic hepatitis-468, cirrhosis-527, HCC-63), and 3504 voluntary blood donors for anti-HCV. Anti HCV positive patients were further subjected to HCV RNA testing followed by genotyping. Results: HCV infection was observed in 1.6%, 12.94%, 10.64%, 27.13%, 21.25% and 49.2% of blood donors, AVH,FHF, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC patients respectively. Conclusion: Genotype 3 was found to be the major genotype. HCV genotype one infection was associated with advanced liver disease.

Adaptação transcultural, confiabilidade e validade da versão Kannada do questionário de crenças, medo e evitação em dor lombar crônica / Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of Kannada version of Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire in chronic low back pain

As Atividades da Vida Diária (AVD) entre pessoas com Dor Lombar Crônica (DLC) pode ser determinada pelo Questionário de Crenças, Medo e Evitação (FABQ em inglês) . O FABQ é um questionário de autorrelato válido e confiável que avalia atitudes e crenças do paciente em relação ao efeito da atividade física e dos trabalhos em sua dor lombar. Até a presente data foi traduzido para vários idiomas, mas não está disponível em Kannada. OBJETIVO: Traduzir e estudar a confiabilidade e validade do questionário FABQ para o Kannada (FABQ-KA). MÉTODOS: Tradução e adaptação transcultural realizadas de acordo com os procedimentos recomendados internacionalmente: tradução, síntese, retrotradução, revisão por comitê de especialistas, pré-teste e avaliação por comitê consultivo. A validação de conteúdo foi realizada por um painel de 10 membros pré-identificados que eram especialistas no uso do Kannada e do Inglês. Eles receberam cinco opções, "concordo", "concordo totalmente", "neutro", "discordo" e "discordo totalmente". As propriedades psicométricas foram testadas pela administração do questionário a uma amsotra com 60 participantes (18 a 75 anos), recrutados por amostragem de conveniência. Para a confiabilidade testereteste, as pessoas com DLC foram testadas após uma semana pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) e a consistência interna foi avaliada pelo alfa de Cronbach (α). RESULTADOS: As dimensões demográficas , idade, altura, peso e IMC para a amostra de DLC (n = 60) foram 41,50 ± 10,59 (anos), 154,37 ± 10,74 (cm), 62 ± 11,04 (kg) e 25,99 ± 4,47 (kg) / m 2 ) respectivamente, com duração de DLC de 20,35 ± 13,62 semanas. A validade de conteúdo do FABQ-KA pelos 10 especialistas foi considerada, I-CVI de itens individuais de FABQ-KA ≥ 0,80 e o S-CVI geral para equivalência idiomática (S-CVI = 89,9 ± 6,33)%, , semântica equivalente (S-CVI = 93 ± 5,16)% e o conteúdo relevante (S-CVI = 90,7 ± 6,61)%. foram ≥ 0,90 ou (≥ 90%). A confiabilidade teste-teste do FABQ-KA foi boa ( ICC (2,1) = 0,83 ). A consistência interna foi boa (alfa de Cronbach = 0,91 ). CONCLUSÃO: Os processos de tradução e adaptação do FABQ-KA foram bem-sucedidos; o instrumento adaptado demonstrou boas propriedades psicométricas. O FABQ-KA provou ser uma ferramenta confiável e válida e pode ser usado em pacientes que falam Kann ada com CLBP.

Activity of daily living (ADL) among the people with Chronic low back pain (CLBP) can be determined by Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ). The Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) is a valid and reliable self-reporting questionnaire evaluating the patient's attitude and beliefs toward the effect of physical activity and works on their LBP. Till the date it was translated into various languages but is not available in Kannada language. Hence, we aimed to translate FABQ questionnaire into Kannada (FABQ-KA) and to study reliability and validity of Kannada version, FABQKA. METHODS: Translation and cross-culture adaptation were performed according to the guidelines followed internationally. Those are: translation, synthesis, back-translation, revision by expert committee, pretesting and appraisal by advisory committee. Content validation was excuted by the panel of 10 pre-identified members who were experts in using Kannada and English. They were provided with five options, "agree", "strongly agree", "neutral", "disagree" and "strongly disagree". for providing their valuable opinion regarding kannada translated content of FABQ-KA. The psychometric properties were tested by administering the questionnaire to 60 samples (18 to 75 years) was recruited by Purposive sampling. For test-retest reliability, people with CLBP were tested after a week by Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha (α). RESULTS: The demographic dimensions, age, height, weight and BMI for patients with CLBP recruited, n=60 were 41.50±10.59 (Years), 154.37±10.74 (cm), 62±11.04 (kg) and 25.99±4.47 (kg/m2) respectively with duration of LBP of 20.35±13.62 weeks. The content validity of kannada translated FABQ-KA by a panel of 10 experts were found to be, I-CVI of individual items of FABQ-KA ≥ 0.80 and the overall S-CVI for idiomatic equivalence (S-CVI =89.9±6.33)%,, semantic equivalence (S-CVI =93±5.16)% and content relevance(S-CVI=90.7±6.61)%. were ≥ 0.90 or (≥ 90%). The test-retest reliability of FABQ-KA was good (ICC (2,1) = 0.83). Internal consistency was found to be good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91). CONCLUSIONS: The FABQ-KA translation and adaptation processes were successful; the adapted instrument demonstrated good psychometric properties. The FABQ-KA has proven to be reliable and valid tool and can be used in the Kannada speaking patients with CLBP.

Gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 patients: a case series

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), presents an ongoing global threat. Common clinical features reported in early confirmed infections included fever, cough, and myalgias or fatigue. But as testing capacity and case numbers have increased worldwide, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as diarrhoea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite have been increasingly recognized. Authors present a case series of gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 patients and how they were managed at the hospital. However, correlations between the presence of fecal virus RNA and severity of digestive symptoms, namely, diarrhoea severity could not be established due to unavailability of the test in the hospital setting. Although knowledge about the viability of SARS-CoV-2 is limited, the virus could remain viable in the environment for days, which could lead to faeco-oral transmission. Various studies conducted on COVID-19 patients recommended routine stool sample testing with real-time RT-PCR after the clearance of viral RNA in a patient’s respiratory samples. Strict precautions to prevent transmission should be taken for patients who are in hospital or self-quarantined if their faecal samples test positive. Optimally, testing for COVID-19 should be performed using both respiratory and stool samples, if available.

A Histomorphological Study of Nephrectomy Specimens in Rural Rajasthan- A Population Based Study.

Nephrectomy brings in relief to patients from various chronic and life threatening diseases and in some cases makes way for renal transplant. Renal cell carcinoma accounts for 3% of all cancer deaths. Staging and grading remain the most useful indicators. Hence the present study was undertaken to become familiar with the morphological features and to explore, elucidate and document the kidney lesions at nephrectomy. We wanted to study the spectrum of renal lesions post nephrectomy, obtain the overall frequency, the age and sex incidence of various lesions at nephrectomy along with detailed histomorphology study of various lesions encountered in nephrectomy specimens and evaluate the histomorphological study of renal tumours including the classification of cell type, architectural pattern and grading. MethodsThis prospective study was done on 85 nephrectomy specimens received in the department of pathology, N.I.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur, over a period of three years (2016 to 2019). ResultsOf these 85 nephrectomy specimens, 44 cases (51.7%) were neoplastic and remaining 41 cases (48.2%) were non-neoplastic. ConclusionsThe youngest patient was 40 days and oldest was 75 years. Chronic pyelonephritis was the commonest non-neoplastic lesion. Renal cell carcinoma was the commonest tumour and was commoner in males with clear cell variant being the most frequent. Monophasic Wilms tumour was the commonest neoplastic lesion in the paediatric population.

Comparison of pelvic floor dysfunction in primiparous and nulliparous women and its relation to pelvic floor muscle strength

Background: The pelvic floor muscles (PFM) play an important role in supporting the pelvic and abdominal organs and controlling urinary and fecal continence, in addition to their role in the sexual function. The objective of this study was to compare pelvic floor muscle strength in primiparous 6 months after delivery and nulliparous women, to evaluate pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) in these women and to find the association of PFD with pelvic floor muscle strength (PFMS).Methods: A total of 100 women were recruited in the cross-sectional study which included 28 nulliparous and 72 primiparous women 6 months after delivery. The assessment included general physical examination (GPE), POP-Q and assessment of pelvic floor muscle strength by modified oxford score and perineometer.Results: Endurance of PFMS measured by duration of contraction and number of contractions/min was higher in nulliparous. Mean of the duration of contraction was significantly higher in nulliparous group as compared to primipara i.e., 28.61 seconds and 23.9 seconds in nulliparous and primiparous group respectively (p=0.005). Mean of the number of contractions performed in one minute was significantly higher in nulliparous group as compared to primipara i.e., 31.04 and 19.97 in nulliparous and primiparous group respectively (p<0.0001). None of the nulliparous women had any PFD symptoms, while 4.17% of the primiparous patients had PFD in the form of bladder symptoms and 1.39% of them had PFD in the form bowel symptoms. Vaginal squeeze pressure was found to be affected by mode of delivery. It was lowest in instrumental delivery. It was 39.78±13.33 cmH20 in vaginal delivery, 51.42±12.88 cmH2O in Caesarean section and 31.67±14.36 cmH2O in instrumental delivery (p-0.039).Conclusions: Endurance of PFMS measured by duration of contraction and number of contractions/min was higher in nulliparous. Vaginal squeeze pressure was found to be affected by mode of delivery. It was lowest in instrumental delivery.

Next-Generation Sequencing as Diagnostic Tool in Veterinary Research

The field of genomics has been revolutionized by next generation sequencing. NGS technology is likely to play an important role in the field of veterinary medicine and animal husbandry. The feasibility of sequencing genomes at a much faster rate and with greater precision has been made possible with the advent of newer methods. In the current review, we describe the various sequencing methods available and also discuss select areas of biology where application of next generation sequencing would open a whole new avenue in veterinary research

A comparison of six fractions per week chemoradiation versus five fractions per week of conventional chemoradiation in carcinoma cervix: A prospective controlled study

Aims: The standard of care for carcinoma cervix stage IB2-IVA is five fractions per week of radiotherapy (RT) with concurrent cisplatin. We compared the standard treatment with six fractions per week of RT with concurrent Cisplatin to see whether the later had improved survival outcomes with comparable toxicities. Settings and Design: 46 patients of carcinoma cervix with stage IB2-IVAwere randomized into two arms. Materials and Methods: Study arm: 46 Gy/23 fractions/26 days, 6 fractions/week with injection CDDP 40 mg/m2 and Control arm: 46 Gy/23 fractions/31 days, 5 fractions/week with injection Cisplatin 40mg/m2. Patients in both the arms received LDR brachytherapy to a dose of 29 Gy at point A. Statistical Analysis Used: The primary end points were disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Compliance to treatment and treatment toxicities were the secondary end points. P value ≤0.05 were considered significant. Results: The study was carried out during June, 2014–April, 2015. Statistical analysis was done in May, 2019. Of 46 patients, 39 patients completed the treatment. The study and control arms had 17 and 22 patients, respectively. Median follow-up period is 45 months (range: 1–54 months). 3-year DFS rates and OS was 69.5% vs. 72.7% (P = 0.73) and 63% vs. 68% (P = 0.45) in study and in control arm, respectively. There was no significant difference in acute and late radiation toxicities between two arms. Conclusion: Chemoradiotherapy with six fractions per week seems feasible and equally efficacious in terms of survival outcomes and toxicity profile. Further prospective randomized controlled study is required to prove the merit of altered fractionation with concurrent cisplatin

Dorsal Onlay Vaginal Graft Urethroplasty For Female Urethral Stricture: Case Reports Of Four Patients In Tertiary Care Centre

Female urethral stricture is an underdiagnosed and overlooked cause of female bladder outlet obstruction. It is uncommon and difficult to diagnose. The possible etiologies may be infection, prior dilation, difficult catheterization with subsequent fibrosis, urethral surgery, trauma or idiopathic. Currently, only a small amount of literature has reported the successful treatment of female urethral stricture using a reconstruction approach. In this study we describe our results with the management of female urethral stricture using a dorsal vaginal graft. Four patients were diagnosed with female urethral stricture and were treated with urethral reconstruction using a dorsal vaginal graft. Primary urethroplasty using dorsal vaginal graft can be considered as a first-line option in the management of female urethral stricture, especially in centers with experience in graft-based reconstruction.

Study of correlation between the cytological and histopathological findings of non-neoplastic and neoplastic breast lesion

Background: Study of correlation between the cytology and histopathological ndings of nonneoplastic and neoplastic breast lesion.Method : The present prospective observational study was conducated in jlnmc for a period of 6 months from 15th April to 14th Sept. we had studied 100 cases and specimens were received in histopathological section of our department.Gross examination of speciemens did followed by xation ,proper sampling and tissue processing.Result: Total 100 cases were studied of which 38 cases were nonneoplastic, 36 cases were benign neoplastic lesion,5 cases borderline and 21 cases were malignant.Over all broadenoma was most common benign lesion with 18 cases. Invasive ductal carcinoma nos were most common malignant lesion followed by lobular carcinoma.malignant phylloid was the most common nonepithelial malignancy.Conclusion: Histology remains gold standard for diagnosis of breast lesion

The quality of life and coping skills of patients with human immunodeficiency virus among different occupation

Background: Nowadays, HIV and AIDS has become an important public health issue across the world. Quality of life (QOL) is an important tool to assess general wellbeing of HIV patients. Coping skills are the psychological skills to face the difficult situations like HIV or AIDS. The workplace plays an important role in determining general wellbeing and the psychological problems in HIV patients. Therefore, it is very important to assess the quality of life and coping skills of HIV patients among different occupations.Methods: A cross-sectional study consisting of conveniently selected 200 HIV patients was conducted at ART center LLRM Medical College, Meerut. The study subjects were interviewed by using questionnaire consisting of WHOQOL HIV BREF (WHO quality of life questionnaire) and Brief-COPE scale questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA test were used for analysis of the data.Results: 36% of HIV patients were housewives and 26.5 % of HIV patients were drivers. The quality of life score was higher in HIV patients who were in unemployed (14.98) and farmers (14.49) whereas was lowest in all others category (10.73). The housewives, farmers, government jobs or service, drivers and other had maximum adaptive coping in religion and minimum adaptive coping in humour. There was no uniform pattern of maladaptive coping skills of HIV patients among different occupations.Conclusions: Quality of life score was better in HIV patients who were unemployed and farmers as compared to HIV patients who were drivers, housewives, government jobs or service. Religion was most effective adaptive coping strategy and humour was least effective adaptive coping strategy in HIV patients.

A cross sectional study to find out the prevalence of type D personality and its associated factors among undergraduate students of a dental college in western Uttar Pradesh

Background: An individual personality is reflected in their thoughts, emotion and behavior. Type D personality is defined as joint tendency towards negative emotions and social inhibition. Type D personality is associated with anxiety, depression and psychological stress. The present study is conducted to assess the incidence of Type D personality in the under graduate dental students as they are prone to excessive stress in their education. To study the prevalence Type D personality in first year dental students and to study the various variables associated with type D personality.Methods: The personality of students was analyzed by using DS 14 questionnaire. Likert scale was used to calculate the personality score. The students scoring high on either or both subscales taking cut off value as 10 was considered as type D.Results: 15% students had only social inhibition and 7% students had only negative affectivity. 5% students had both social inhibition and negative affectivity. Overall, the prevalence type D personality was found to be 27% among the students of dental college. The type D personality students were significantly associated with habits like alcoholism.Conclusions: The early identification of Type D personality can be helpful both for physical and mental wellbeing and we can minimize its impact on health by adopting healthier life style, yoga and meditation, mentorship in early college days, emotional support etc.

The comparative effects of Itopride and Levosulpiride orally used in patients suffering from Non-ulcer dyspepsia

Background: Itopride and Levosulpiride both comes under the group of Prokinetic drugs. These drugs are used for the treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia, heart burn, nausea and vomiting. Both drugs act on dopaminergic D2 receptor as antagonist and increases the concentration of acetylcholine so that gastric peristalsis will be increase and that time pressure at lower oesophageal sphincter will be increase thus gastric motility increases and there will be good gastro-duodenal co-ordination.Method: This study has to conduct on patients with complains of non-ulcer dyspepsia attended Medical outdoor and department of pharmacology of SKMCH Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India. The total 60 patients have to include in the study, which have to randomly divide in two groups. Group A (itopride) comprising of 30 patients and Group B (Levosulpiride) comprising of 30 patients. Patients have to randomly allocate to receive one tablet of itopride hydrochloride, 50 mg three times daily before meal and one tablet Levosulpiride of 75 mg three times daily before meal. Authors have to enroll the patients at the interval of two weeks and continue it upto 3 months.Results: Study did not found any remarkable change in biochemistry profile. Only QT prolongation changes were found in two patients, but no serious cardiac toxicity was observed with patient receiving Levosulpiride. Neither QT prolongation nor serious cardiac toxicity was observed with itopride hydrochloride therapy.Conclusions: In present study, efficacy of Itopride was comparable to Levosulpiride in relieving the symptoms of non-ulcer dyspepsia. Both the drugs were clinically and biochemically well tolerated. QT prolongation changes were found in two patients, but no serious cardiac toxicity was observed with patient receiving Levosulpiride. Itopride does not show cardiac toxicity and any changes in ECG.